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Apr

13

Evangelical Leaves Over Evolution

Old Testament scholar, Bruce Waltke, left his position teaching at Reformed Theological Seminary. The reason for his leaving: Waltke affirms evolution.

Waltke recorded a video in November 2009, endorsing the scientific data for evolution. The video was posted a few weeks ago on the Biologos Foundation website. The video has since been dropped from the site, although other posts and responses related to Waltke’s ideas remain.

On the video, Waltke chastised Christians for ignoring this data of science. His most provocative words came early on in the video:

“If the data is overwhelmingly in favor of evolution,” says Waltke, “to deny that reality will make us a cult ... some odd group that is not really interacting with the world. And rightly so, because we are not using our gifts and trusting God's providence that brought us to this point of our awareness.”

In a follow-up statement, Waltke offers several paragraphs indicating his views on science, Genesis, evolution, and other matters. I found these statements even more interesting than his original interview.

Of particular interest to me were his affirmations of a literal Adam and Eve and the inerrancy of the Bible. He believes these affirmations are compatible with the idea that God creates through evolution.

I purposely used the word “left” to describe Waltke relationship with Reformed Theological Seminary.  USA Today reports that Waltke was “dismissed” and “forced out.” The article interviews those familiar with the seminary situation to justify their portrayal of Waltke’s dismissal.

The Reformed Theological Seminary website, however, says the school did not fire Waltke. The seminary accepted his resignation after a period of prayer and reflection.

My hunch – and this is speculation on my part – is that the seminary felt pressured from constituents to accept Waltke’s resignation. I will be talking to Bruce to see if my hunch is well founded.

This incident prompts me to ponder how Reformed Theological Seminary differs from Wesleyan-oriented schools like the one in which I teach.  Most biblical and theological scholars in Wesleyan-oriented academic institutions affirm that God could have created through evolution.  While this view is sometimes criticized (see Rick Colling’s story) in Wesleyan circles, scholars in the tradition generally accept evolution as a plausible explanation for how God creates.

There are theological reasons why those in Wesleyan institutions of higher education are more amenable to the idea that evolution and Christianity are compatible than those associated with Reformed Theological Seminary. The idea that God could create through evolution is appealing to Wesleyan Christians for at least the following reasons:

Bible’s Intent is Salvation

Wesleyans regard the Bible as reliable for revealing God’s will concerning salvation.  They generally do not consider the Bible a standard against which contemporary science ought to be judged. 

Many Wesleyans affirm the old saying, “The Bible tells us how to go to heaven, not how the heavens go.”  My own more evolution-oriented claim is that the Bible tells us how to find abundant life, not the details of how life became abundant.

So long as evolution is understood as not eliminating the idea that God is Creator, Wesleyans are open to the scientific data affirming an old earth and common descent.

Creatures are Free

Wesleyans typically emphasize that creatures – or at least humans -- have some degree of freedom.  This emphasis on freedom fits well in evolutionary theories that are not deterministic. 

Wesleyans reject theories of evolution claiming evolution occurs entirely by chance or randomness, however. But the general theory of evolution does not require one to affirm absolute randomness.

One can affirm the evidence for common descent and an ancient universe while still affirming God’s creative and designing activity. Wesleyans can affirm theories of evolution, therefore, that allow for genuine creaturely agency, freedom, and purpose.

God Creates in Love

Wesleyans generally speak of God’s activity as characterized by persuasive love.  Divine persuasion in the midst of a long evolutionary process fits Wesleyan theology better than the notion that God coercively creates creatures instantaneously a relatively short time ago.

In books and other blog essays, I have championed the idea that Christians ought to explore a science and theology discussion that takes love as central. In the recent edition of the Wesleyan Theological Journal, I lay out what this might entail in my essay, “Love as a Methodological and Metaphysical Source for Science and Theology.”

Creatures are Created Co-Creators

Wesleyans tend to emphasize that creatures play some role in God’s creative work.  For instance, when the authors of Genesis write that God asks creation to bring forth other creatures, this indicates that God invites creatures to cooperate in creating.

Many Wesleyans affirm the designation of humans – if not also other creatures – as “created co-creators.” This label is not meant to make creatures equal with their Creator.  But it does indicate that free creatures make a real difference in shaping God’s creative and providential activity.

We are New Creations

John Wesley’s understanding of salvation emphasized that biblical idea that transformation can occur in this life. With the Apostle Paul, he emphasized the importance of new creation.

The idea of new creation fits well with the classic but oft-neglected claim of God continually creating (creatio continua). And it avoids Gnosticism by saying that new creation is not merely a spiritual issue.

If God is doing new things and we are God’s new creation, this leans toward the possibility that God’s creative work was not settled and completed sometime in the distant past.

Theology Informed by Science

The final reason Wesleyans may be more likely to affirm the compatibility of evolution and the notion that God is Creator is methodological. Wesleyans tend to be more open to research and theories in science than Christians in other traditions do. Wesleyans typically affirm that science tells us something true about our world. 

Because science in general and especially biologists in particular offer strong data to support the general theory of evolution, Wesleyans are more likely than others to affirm the general theory.  But they also reject versions of evolutionary theory they find essentially incompatible with the notion that God is Creator.

John Wesley was a big fan of science. He read and recommended the leading science writings of his day. Of course, he did not accept every scientific theory proposed by scientists and philosophers.

Given what John Wesley says about God’s role as Creator, how he understood the function of Scripture, and his appreciation for science, I speculate he would affirm the idea that God creates through evolutionary means.

A book I recently edited, Divine Grace and Emerging Creation: Wesleyan Forays in Science and Theology of Creation, lays out a variety of Wesleyan rationales for taking science seriously.

Creation Statement

My own Wesleyan-oriented denomination, the Church of the Nazarene, offers a statement compatible with the idea that God creates through evolutionary means. Its statement on creation reads:

The Church of the Nazarene believes in the biblical account of creation (“In the beginning, God created the heavens and the earth…” [Gen. 1:1]).  We oppose a godless interpretation of the evolutionary hypothesis.  However, the church accepts as valid all scientifically verifiable discoveries in geology and other natural phenomena, for we firmly believe that God is the Creator.

This suggests that only theories of evolution that have no role for God as Creator (“godless interpretation of the evolutionary hypothesis”) are unacceptable.

At a recent denominational assembly, some changes have been proposed to this creation statement. If those changes are approved, however, it will remain acceptable for members of the denomination to affirm evolution as God’s means for creating.

In conclusion, I extend my sympathies to Bruce Waltke. I am saddened by this recent turn of events. I pray that we Christians find ways to embrace both our central convictions about God as Creator and the best that science offers.

Posted in 2010 under Theology and Science

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Comments

Ronda Seward

04.13.2010
1:42pm

Thanks again Tom for saying what I have believed for a long time.  We just don’t have it all figured out.  God is at work as He always has been and just about the time we think we have Him pegged He reveals more.  How presumptuous for us to say that God meant “this” or “that”...the end.  There is no end except, that He loves us and that He will reveal himself in whatever way necessary for us to understand that love…the end.

 

Billie

04.13.2010
3:06pm

Interesting developments to say the least Tom.  Thanks for your comments and your integration of the Church of the Nazarene’s creedal statements that provide some background of where we may view things from perhaps a slightly different view, yet find ourselves worshiping side-by-side. 

My question in this discussion is which side holds more dogmatically to their approach?  Unfortunately, just as Dr. Waltke fell victim to a close-minded system from within the church, there are others who have suffered the same close-mindedness from within science.  Sadly, this causes both sides to normally talk by each other (or about each other) without ever really stopping to attempt to engage with each other in meaningful debate.  We end up with a general public that thinks the two camps have competing realities (which is somewhat difficult to imagine being…well, a reality).

So, where do we go?  I think there are some phenomenal efforts out there underway to almost create a medieval marriage of the two empires that may have some success.  I see works like your recent “Creation Made Free” perhaps being a start to the conversation.  I also see people like Lennox and Polkinghorne who are engaging the common churchman with impeccable scientific credentials in theological settings as another route to gaining a better interchange.

This whole debate really seems so odd when you look deeper into the whole science and religion thing.  Let me draw a simple illustration—

4 People Sit on Stage in a discussion about Science and God—here are their qualifications:

Person A—PhD in Physics
Person B—Single Degree with reading in Philosophy, Economics, and Politics
Person C—2 PhD’s, Mathematics and Philosophy, MA in Bioethics
Person D—PhD with research in belief, disbelief, and uncertainty.

Which 2 are the atheists? The answer would surprise many.

 

Hans Deventer

04.13.2010
11:38pm

Tom, The revised Church of the Nazarene Manual statement on creation now reads as follows (it was changed at the 2009 General Assembly)

“903.9. Creation
The Church of the Nazarene believes in the biblical account of creation (“In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth . . .”—Genesis 1:1). We oppose any godless interpretation of the origin of the universe and of humankind (Hebrews 11:3). (1, 5.1, 7) (2009)”

 

Don Yerxa

04.14.2010
4:02am

Thanks for this, Tom. I find Alvin Plantinga’s and Kelly James Clark’s letters to the Chronicle of Higher Education’s editor in response to Michael Ruse’s recent essay to be very helpful in appreciating Reformed philosophical views on these matters.

 

Mark Boersma

04.14.2010
7:26am

I enjoyed your comments Tom.  There is currently a resolution before the synod assembly in my church (ELCA Lutheran) affirming evolution.  I think it is high time for Christians not to bury their heads in the sand on this issue.  One cannot selectively choose the facts that support only the conclusion one wishes to reach.  I have also heard some dismiss the physical evidence saying that it is a purposeful deception.  I cannot accept this idea either.  Truth is truth.  Ideas that cannot pass scrutiny from multiple perspectives are false.

 

Thomas Jay Oord

04.14.2010
8:06am

Friends,

Jack Haas alerted me to a new letter written by Bruce Waltke (April 14?). It describes more clearly his relationship with the seminary and his resignation. It doesn’t say, however, why the seminary felt it must accept Bruce’s resignation.

Here’s the link:

http://thegospelcoalition.org/blogs/justintaylor/2010/04/12/updates-from-waltke-and-from-rts/

 

Preston Hills

04.14.2010
3:05pm

This blog is very interesting and really leaves you thinking. I found it particularly interesting the reasons why the Wesleyan belief finds it possible to believe in evolution. I do believe that God did everything knowing the outcome of it and this blog makes it seem very possible that he did create in some form of evolution. When the blog was talking about how God created co-creators it states, “when the authors of Genesis write that God asks creation to bring forth other creatures, this indicates that God invites creatures to cooperate in creating.” I find this very interesting because it is very possible that God did create certain things other than humans to create also. This was a great blog I really liked it.

 

Tracey Berry

04.15.2010
2:48pm

very interesting. I have always felt we shouldn’t just ignore science and keep going the way we have. For a long time the church didn’t believe the sun revolved around the earth instead of the earth revolving around sun. I don’t think we should just ignore the findings of science because we have for so long believed otherwise.

I fully agree with you Dr.Oord, we shouldn’t necessarily just ignore evolution and should maybe look into evolution being a tool that God used to create. Evolution isn’t Godless.

 

Arielle Askren

04.15.2010
4:17pm

Within my own life I have found that if it doesn’t effect they way that I daily live/think out my life, than I try not to burden myself with it. Spending a semester in England, where evolution is commonly accepted in the Christian community caused me to think on this matter. I cannot know the mind of God, though I do know he exists. When I try and figure out all of the intricacies of creation than I would bog down how I live my life serving others.

 

Robert Uehlin

04.15.2010
9:49pm

The main contention I have with theological evolution is that many of the main value systems proposed by Jesus and other Bible authors direct humans to act in spite of their natural tendencies (Mark 10:21, Matt. 5:5, etc…).  Why would God have used a method of creation which would lead to a creature that would need such radical behavioral modification?

 

Todd Stepp

04.17.2010
9:20am

My theological concern, which I have previously shared with you, Tom, is Paul’s theological statement in Rom. 5:12-14 that identifies death as being the result of sin.  Further, the picture of death, in Scripture, as being the last great enemy, which is overcome by the resurection of Christ.  -  That concept is my one reservation about evolution.

Interestingly, I watched a dvd sometime back about the search for biological (or genetic?) Adam.  This was a Science dvd (my wife is licensed as a Science teacher).  This was not a “Bible-based,” religious dvd.  I found it interesting and a possible evolutionary, scientific explanation that could fit, even if one has a literal Adam and Eve.

 

Blake Wenner

04.19.2010
10:07am

Though I am not all that familiar with the Reformed Theological Seminary, I don’t see why that institution would dismiss Waltke because of a greater scientific understanding of the world. Just like the example of the boiling pot of water there is more than one way to describe a particular event. Evolution is just one way in which man searches for an answer to an almost impossible question. Dismissing Waltke on these grounds seems close minded in letting individual members of the Reformed Theological Seminary search for answers from a discrusivly fractured perspective.

 

Tyler Mostul

04.19.2010
12:56pm

It seems to me that it should not matter what one believes about evolution as long as God as Creator is affirmed.  I do not know a whole lot about this subject, but if God chose to create the world and humans through some sort of evolutionary process I dont think there is a problem at all.  This doesnt contradict the orthodox belief that God is the Creator of all. 
Especially when we are confronted with overwhelming evidence that that evolution may be true. I think that the Wesleyan tendency to allow evolution to be accepted is helpful and it is unfortunate for Reformed Theological Seminary to dismiss a professor on these grounds.  We dont know exactly how God created, we just know that He did.

 

Jake Bodenstab

04.21.2010
4:01pm

It seems like there is a strange dichotomy between Waltke’s harsh criticism towards fundamental creationist and his own beliefs regrading the existence of an actually Adam and Eve.  Does he not see the problem with calling out creationist as part of a “cult” while still believing in something that would be outright dismissed in the scientific community.  He accepts the authority of science until it conflicts too much with his world view then scoffs at those that stopped one set back, ignoring the fact that “awareness” is still miles away.

 

Brandon GIpson

04.22.2010
11:18am

I agree with Jake for the most part. The dichotomy is a bit strange. Personally I do believe God could have used evolution, in some form for creation, but I haven’t given much thought to Rob’s point. It is worth consideration.

 

Katie Thompson

04.23.2010
2:47pm

While I have witnessed discussion of evolution within my church, it seems to be a topic on one side of the spectrum. This is to say; creationism verses evolution is an issue that you are either very passionate about or seemingly neutral. I am currently leaning towards a creation evolutionist opinion, but my change in direction hasn’t affected my views of God. This brings me to question the extent of this dilemma. As a whole, is the Christian faith greatly affected by the model of creation?

 

Danielle B

04.25.2010
8:52pm

I’m with Jake. This guy is confused. I think you can take the Bible seriously, view the first ch. of Genesis as poem, meaningful, but just as we don’t read Chaucer as a scientific textbook, we shouldn’t read the Bible this way.
It really upsets me when a school makes decisions based on funding rather than ethics and intelligence. I attended Olivet before coming to NNU, and the student body was furious as a professor who had published a book on evolution was fired/resigned as a result of misinformed churches threatening to withhold funding. I wish congregations were as up to date as institutions.

 

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