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Dec
18
The Problem with Words: Deconstruction
Today we talk about the move from modernism to postmodernism as a paradigm shift. The move entails fundamental changes in our core assumptions about existence.
Thomas Kuhn introduced this language decades ago when he explained how radical changes occur in the sciences. Kuhn said that new information here or there doesn’t initiate a paradigm shift. Rather, a shift occurs when people question and then change core assumptions about reality.
The old belief systems can’t explain new data. Change is required.
One postmodern tradition powerfully questions modern assumptions. This tradition goes by the name “deconstructionism.” Philosopher Jacques Derrida’s ideas provide the pulse for deconstructive postmodernism.
Deconstructive postmodernism identifies inherent inconsistencies in the language we use to describe reality. Modernists base their knowledge about the world upon a linguistic foundation they believe is certain, secure, and unambiguous. They assume that words, propositions, and sentences capture the truth about reality.
In opposition to modernity, deconstructionists point out that language cannot be nailed down. Words inevitably contain unintended meanings. Communication is never crystal-clear. Just when we think a word corresponds fully to reality, we find it inadequate.
Consider the word “cool.” We all know the word’s meaning depends on its context. “Cool” can mean a lack of friendliness, unemotional, aplomb, loss of intensity, lack of heat, popular, or fashionable.
The meaning of words depends on their context. Yet we never understand contexts fully. Consequently, ambiguity reigns. Even our most cherished words – God, love, world, Jesus, hope – are ambiguous.
As we interpret and reinterpret words, we realize no foundational, final, or fixed interpretation is available. Words refer to other words, those refer to other words, and those words refer to still others.
Meaning seems to exist only in relations of matrices. Language is a web without any fixed cables. If we think we have a solid foundation, “things fall apart,” as the poet William Butler Yeats put it, and “the center cannot hold.”
Deconstructionists pull the rug out from much modern theology. Some modernists appeal to objective and universal reason. Some rely upon what they think is unbiased and unambiguous theological language.
This postmodern tradition provides important insights for contemporary Christian theologians. Deconstructive postmodernism….
-- affirms difference and diversity, rather than trying to make genuine differences appear the same. Christian theologies have often been preoccupied with uniformity.
-- helps contemporary theologians remain suspicious of traditional hierarchies that keep many people and ideas at the bottom or margins of society.
-- joins other postmodern traditions by calling attention to the overlooked “other.” Contemporary Christians called to minister to the least of these would be wise to explore how best to think about and respond to otherness.
-- promotes humility in theology, because it reminds us we cannot corner the market on truth. Dogmatism and epistemic pride have no place.
-- reminds contemporary Christian theologians that we cannot capture fully with words who God is and what God wants. God is bigger than our language.
-- invites contemporary theologians to reaffirm the prophetic, messianic, apocalyptic, and limits of theological language.
Deconstructive postmodernism has its share of opponents, of course. I share some criticisms that opponents level against it. Despite its important resources for Christianity, in fact, I don’t think deconstructive postmodernism is the best overall resource from which Christian theologians should draw in a postmodern age.
On the question of truth and knowledge, for instance, deconstructive postmodernism implies that each individual determines truth entirely for him or herself. Radical relativism prevails. I believe Christian theology should reject radical epistemic and moral relativism.
Deconstructive postmodernism is also vulnerable to the charge of being self-refuting. If language cannot be trusted and always undermines authorial intent, we should also not trust the language used by deconstructive postmodernists to tout their view. For instance, how can it be true that there is no truth?
Deconstructive postmodernism is inherently negative. Deconstruction is not interested in replacing an old system with a better one. Deconstructionists are not interested in constructing a more adequate worldview. I think deconstruction of poor worldviews need to be followed by reconstructive efforts that draw from Scripture, Christian tradition, reason, sciences, and a variety of experiences.
I want to talk coherently about God, love, and host of other important topics. To do so, I believe we must say something constructive about God and the nature of reality. We need positive postmodern theologies.
In sum, deconstructive postmodernism offers insights. These insights can prove helpful as postmodern Christians “give an account for the hope within them” (1 Pt. 3:15).
Among the four dominant postmodern traditions, however, I don’t think deconstruction serves well as the primary framework for contemporary Christian theologians.
Contemporary Christians should take a “yes, but” approach to this postmodern tradition. Yes, deconstructive postmodern can teach us something. But it doesn’t provide a framework for addressing well the call that Christians hear from their Creator.
Posted in 2009 under Postmodern Philosophy, Theology, and Culture
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Comments
tripp fuller
12.18.2009
4:59pm
sweet post.
Callid Keefe-Perry
12.18.2009
9:14pm
Thomas,
We met briefly at AAR during some reception or another, and while you were engaging then, I have to say that this post certainly puts it over the top. It is as if you read an article I just wrote and deftly summarized it in a blog post that cuts out some 24 pages of detail without losing the guts and power. Great work. Thanks.
In the event that you’re interested, my pet project (and article) are available here:
http://theimageoffish.com
All good things,
Callid
nathan Roskam
12.18.2009
9:21pm
Tom,
Well written! I appreciate very much you taking the time to write this post. This post brings to the forefront the kind of professor you are at your core, an attribute that I think at times is missed by many!
nate
Bob Hunter
12.18.2009
9:57pm
Tom you said, “Contemporary Christians should take a “yes, but” approach to this postmodern tradition. Yes, deconstructive postmodern can teach us something. But it doesn’t provide a framework for addressing well the call that Christians hear from their Creator.”
I use a simple analogy to explain this. French philosophers (Derrida,Foucault, leoturd) are like a bag of chips that you might purchase at a convenience store. They are fun to munch on, but not the main course. A steady diet of deconstructionism will leave you feeling empty and malnourished. We should all be thankful that Jesus is bread of life.
Dave Gerber
12.18.2009
10:26pm
Tom,
Like you said, if words are so untrustworthy, how do they trust their words to convey the ‘true’ meaning of anything?
While I appreciate the thought of ‘deconstructing’ our concepts of God to keep pride bay, it is not at all good for comfort, joy, peace, or hope. It is really depressing.
What is lacking from decontruction is the willingness to workout our meanings. Language is imprecise. It is tedious and often frustrating, but it is necessary to conversation. It is much easier to say that language is imprecise and leave it at that. Well, except for their ability to channel one of the monks from the television show Kung Fu.
Thanks Tom!
Hans Deventer
12.19.2009
9:03am
I guess Advent is as good a time as any to talk about deconstruction. After all, “He came to that which was his own, but his own did not receive him.” I would say, especially those with the most theological knowledge, didn’t recognise Him. If any were in need of deconstruction, it were the theologians of 30 AD. Which of course puts the question before us: how certain are we that we would recognise Him?
Now deconstruction can never be a goal in itself, for indeed, that would leave us empty and desperate. But if might be a very useful preparation if we want to prepare to meet the King.
Doug Wood
12.19.2009
10:20am
Tom,
Love your thoughts. I wish I could sit in a few classes and hear you speak. Slowly, of course, very slowly. ;0)
As I am currently in my own personal phase of deconstruction, I find your language helpful. I believe the ambiguous nature of words is a graceful gift from our Creator, so that each creation is invited to seek his Creator in his own construct. Perhaps post-modern theology will find some way to acknowledge each person’s paradigm , clarify truth, and accomplish that without trying to control how that “should look”.
Curtis
12.19.2009
12:59pm
Tom, I would like to hear more on your critique. Your, “Yes, but” understanding. I tend to be one with a foot in each mindset. As a postmodern I understand that objectivity can never be captured and yet as a modern I still believe it is what should be sought. I am suspicious of all interpretations but I know some are better than others.
Thomas Jay Oord
12.20.2009
7:58pm
Thanks to all for your comments! I’ll respond briefly…
Tripp: Thanks!
Callid: Love your website! Thanks for the compliment on my article. Which pomo article on your site were you referring to? I’d like to read it.
Nate: Thanks for the kind words.
Bob: Sounds like you and I both find some things to like and some things not to like.
Dave: Great comments. Language is imprecise, but it remains a powerful tool for communicating, even if inexactly.
Hans: I love your advent take! Thanks!
Doug: Sounds like we share a common quest. And we agree that some interpretations are preferable to others. Thanks!
Curtis: I’ve written more on this in other contexts. In fact, you can probably find a more thorough explanation and critique I’ve written if you google my name and “postmodern.” That piece I wrote has been used in several dissertations.
Thanks again to all!
Bo Eberle
12.29.2009
9:24pm
On the charge against deconstruction of being relativistic and each individual determining their own truth, I’m a bit confused. I’m not sure exactly where, but I’ve heard John Caputo talk at length about how deconstruction inherently involves an un-deconstructable, and Derria identified it as Justice. Justice, for Derrida (explained by Caputo), is more or less guided by this un-deconstructable principle, and without it deconstruction would be impotent. I could be mis-remembering or misunderstanding, but one of my professors also mentioned something like this. It seems that Derrida was far (OK maybe not THAT far)from a relativistic thinker.
Thomas Jay Oord
12.31.2009
3:59pm
Bo,
Thanks for the comments. I wrote a reivew of Jack’s book on WWJD. You might be interested in it:
http://www.metanexus.net/magazine/ArticleDetail/tabid/68/id/10299/Default.aspx
I agree that Derrida didn’t want to be extremely relativistic. That’s one reason he wrote passionately about the importance of hospitality near the end of his life.
My argument is that there are no grounds or bases in Derrida’s deconstructive philosophy to support his desire to promote hospitality.
Thanks again for posting!
Tom
Robert Uehlin
02.13.2010
5:48pm
While I recognize the futility of absolute relativism, I see an important distinction between “everything is right” and “everyone creates their own reality”. The latter statement, representative of Kantian perspectivism, seems both logical and accurate. Everyone has a unique set of circumstances and, therefore, is bound to see the world in a slightly different way. This does not mean that whatever a person believes accurately represents reality. Some beliefs are clearly more accurate than others - as demonstrated by contextual criticism.
In sum, I don’t believe that deconstructive post-modernism tries to point as much towards relativism as it does towards perspectivism.
Andrew Knapp
02.18.2010
10:25pm
Dr. Oord,
I would agree that deconstructive postmodernism ough not be a primary source of inspiration. Language’s flaws do not negate language’s ability to communicate meaning. Despite how witty Derrida and other deconstructionists appear when they pull the rug out from beneath everyone (including themselves) they still invest meaning in what they intend to say. Deconstrucion can only stand as a check on the power of language or logic; it cannot refute clear speaking.
I thinke G.E. Moore was right in his skepticism of skepticism. I am safe in assuming that Derrida dithered with clear speaking once or twice - the burden of proof then is on those who insist that they do not have to be methodologically rigourous in their interpretation of the world. There are no deconstructionists in foxholes; and if we are serious about our beliefs we should apply the language we have in an attempt to be truthful. That of course does not mean we ignore flaws in language; it means we don’t exploit them to make nonsensical claims. I can’t lambaste ethics and theology for being entirly fanciful, but simply because they are so prone to fancy they should be epistemically compatibile with other fields of knowledge, rather than treat uncertainty as liscence to believe as one wishes and hold that uncertainty as permanent.
sohail warraich
02.23.2010
4:55am
deconstruction essentially says that there is no language…only makeshift conventions. no education…only pitchers filling other pitchers which in turn fill other pitchers ad infinitum. and also that there is no truth…only truths which could be a million and one in number and take an infinity of forms and de-signs. life itself is but the veil of illusion - maya - and hence a big fat lie (although i must say a precious resource nevertheless due to its transiency). literature itself as the litter of human nature. the garbage and refuse of human minds in processed consumable sausage form.
Dusty Zavala
03.12.2010
9:13am
I really like what you have said in this posting. I think everyone should take the “yes, but” stand. This gives a new light to what we believe and how we should live our lives.